Software of the Month Club 1996 November/Software of the Month Club 1996 November.iso/pc/dos/edu/practice/cellular.dat

Text File | 1995-11-16 | 17.6 KB | 996 lines

1
Charles Darwin presented a theory
of evolution in which the mechanism
by which living things change is
called?
end
Do not capitalize any answers.
end
0
natural selection
1
An English biologist named _________
wrote a book known by its brief
title, "The Origin of Species," and
in so doing influenced all of human
thought.
end
Capitalize your answer.
end
0
Charles Darwin
1
One form of evidence, the___________
record, consisting of preserved
remains of ancient living things, has
been used by biologists to substant-
iate hypotheses about evolution.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
fossil
1
__________ anatomy is a biological
study that examines bones and other
structures of different animals in an
attempt to learn about their evolut-
ionary history.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
comparative
1
The notion that living things change
gradually over a long period of time
is known as _________.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
evolution
1
Living cells are chemical machines
composed of ________, which are col-
lections of atoms.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
molecules
1
The _______ of an atom is a number
equal to the sum of the number of
protons and the number of neutrons.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
atomic mass
1
______ of an element have atoms with
the same number of protons but dif-
ferent numbers of neutrons.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
isotopes
1
There are 92 naturally occurring
kinds of atoms, called ______, each
with a different number of protons
and a different arrangement of
electrons.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
elements
1
Electrons orbit around a nucleus in
________ levels that can be labeled
1, 2, 3, etc.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
energy
1
A molecule that contains atoms of
more than one element is called a
_____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
compound
1
In molecules the atoms are held to-
gether by _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
chemical bonds
1
If atoms gain or lose electrons they
take on a negative or positive
charge.  Oppositely charged atoms may
be attracted to each other and held
together by _____ bonds.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
ionic
1
A _____ bond forms when two atoms
share a pair of electrons.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
covalent
1
Except for water, most of the mole-
cules that make up living things con-
tain chains of _____ atoms.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
carbon
1
_____ is the loss of electrons from
a molecule
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
oxidation
1
The most abundant compound in living
things is _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
water
1
A substance that acts as a reservoir
for H+ ions, opposing any increase or
decrease in concentration, is _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
buffer
1
A _____ is a molecule built of a long
chain of similar modules.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
polymer
1
A special class of proteins called
_____ carry out the catalytic act-
ivity in living systems.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
enzymes
1
The _____ are a group of compounds
containing carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
carbohydrates
1
The most common storage polysacch-
aride formed from glucose by plants
is called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
starch
1
_____ are a class of biological com-
pounds that contain predominantly
carbon and hydrogen, and are nonpolar
and insoluble in water.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
lipids
1
A _____ consists of a long chain of
amino acid subunits linked end to
end.  One or more of these chains
make up a protein.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
polypeptide
1
A molecule in which a central carbon
atom is bonded to a carboxyl group,
an amino group, a group known as R,
and a hydrogen atom is called an _____
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
amino acid
1
A _____ bond between a carboxyl group
of one amino acid and an amino group
of a second amino acid links the two
amino acids together.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
peptide
1
The hereditary information in cells
is stored in a class of macromolecules
known as _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
nucleic acids
1
A nucleic acid known as _____ contains
ribose rather than dexoyribose and
uracil rather than thymine.
end
Capitalize your answer
end
0
RNA
1
The atmosphere of the  earth is
thought to have contained almost no
oxygen, but hydrogen and other gases
instead.  It was what we would call a
_____ atmosphere.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
reducing
1
The combined chemical activities of
living things, by means of which they
assimilate energy, are included in
the general term _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
metabolism
1
All living things carry on the process
of _____,passing on traits from one
generation to the next.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
reproduction
1
Phospholipid molecules when put into
water spontaneously form microscopic
spheres called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
coacervates
1
_____ are organisms that are able to
use CO2 as their sole carbon source.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
autotrophs
1
Organisms called _____ obtain their
energy from the chemical bonds of
other organisms.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
heterotrophs
1
Early cyanobacteria evolved a form of
photosynthesis that derived hydrogen
atoms from water.  They changed the
earth's atmosphere by releasing _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
oxygen
1
Simple organisms like bacteria that
lack a nucleus are called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
prokaryotes
1
Certain bacteria evolved into more
complex cell types, which possessed
nuclear membranes and membrane-bound
organelles.  These more complex cells
are called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
eukaryotes
1
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous
organized membrane-bound structures
called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
organelles
1
Short _____ provide cross links
between carbohydrate chains in the
cell walls of bacteria.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
peptides
1
_____ are structures of eukaryotic
cells in which DNA is tightly pack-
aged with protein.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
chromosomes
1
A _____ is a disk-shaped closed com-
partment inside a chloroplast.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
thylakoid
1
The cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
is crisscrossed by a network of pro-
tein fibers known as the _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
cytoskeleton
1
Eukaryotic flagella characteristically
display an arrangement of microtubules
known as the _____ structure.
end
Answer contains two numbers
end
0
9 + 2
1
All cells are bounded by an outer
membrane called the _____ membrane.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
plasma
1
Some membrane proteins form _____ that
admit certain molecules into the cell.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
channels
1
Within eukaryotic cells, an extensive
system of membranes, often abbreviated
_____, separates various regions of
the cytoplams from each other.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
er
1
_____ are small membrane-bound vesicles
containing enzymes of various sorts.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
microbodies
1
The _____ of the eukaryotic cell con-
tains the cell's hereditary apparatus
and isolates it from the rest of the
cell.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
nucleus
1
At various locations in the cytoplam,
we find flattened stacks of membranes
called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
golgi bodies
1
The thin sheet of lipids and proteins
that separates the cell from its
environment is the _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
plasma membrane
1
The hydrophobic bilayer of the mem-
brane is composed of molecules called
_____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
phospholipids
1
The hydrophobic _____ tends to form
spontaneously when the lipid molecules
come in contact with water and the
molecules line up tail-to-tail.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
bilayer
1
Certain proteins called _____ thread
through the membrane creating passages
for small molecules or ions.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
channels
1
If sugar is dissolved in water to
form a solution, the sugar would be
called the _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
solute
1
If a cell has the same concentration
of dissolved materials as the envir-
onment, the cell is said to be _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
isotonic
1
_____ is the diffusion of water
through a membrane that permits the
passage of water but not of solute.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
osmosis
1
Plant cells often demonstrate _____
pressure, as the cell contents push
outward against the cell wall.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
turgor
1
The bulk passage of a material into a
cell is called generalized _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
endocytosis
1
_____ is the extrusion of materiial
from a cell by means of vesicles at
the cell surface.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
exocytosis
1
The movement of a material through the
membrane toward a region of lower con-
centration, by means of specific mem-
brane channels or carriers, is called
_____ diffusion.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
facilitated
1
If metabolic energy is required to
move a material through a membrane
to a region of even higher concent-
ration, the process is known as _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
active transport
1
A special membrane channel called the
_____ actively moves certain ions
through the membrane and sets the
stage for ATP formation.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
proton pump
1
_____ are molecules on the cell sur-
face that react with informational
molecules such as hormones, or with
metabolites such as glusoce.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
surface receptors
1
The individual cells of an animal tis-
sue are held together by _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
cell junctions
1
The total of all the chemical react-
ions carried out by an organism, is
called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
metabolism
1
The form of energy associated with
motion is _____ energy.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
kinetic
1
The form of energy associated with
chemical bonds, which in turn depends
on electronic energy states, is _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
potential
1
_____ energy is the amount of energy
in any system that is available to do
work.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
free
1
In some chemical reactions, electrons
pass from one molecule to another.
Such reactions are called _____ re-
actions.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
oxidation
1
Reactions are called _____ if they
occur spontaneously and release free
energy.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
exergonic
1
_____ are substances that can influ-
ence chemical bonds in a way that re-
duces the required activation energy.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
catalysts
1
An enzyme has a depression on its sur-
face into which a certain kind of
molecule will fit and become stress-
ed.  This position is called the _____
of the enzyme.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
active site
1
A substance that will fit into a
depression on an enzyme and consqu-
ently will react chemically is the
_____ of that enzyme.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
substrate
1
Each enzyme typically operates best
at a certain hydrogen ion concent-
ration known as the _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
pH optimum
1
Many enzymes will not work unless a
nonprotein organic molecule called a
_____ is present.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
coenzyme
1
One of the most common and useful co-
enzyme is the electron acceptor _____.
end
Capitalize your answer
end
0
NAD+, NADP+, or FAD
1
In many instances, living cells synth-
esize needed chemicals by means of
sequences of chemical reactions called
_____ pathways.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
biochemical
1
----- control of an enzyme reaction
occurs when a molecule fits into a
secondary binding site and changes the
shape of the enzyme molecule
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
allosteric
1
_____ phosphorylationn occurs when the
generation of ATP is directly coupled
with a strongly exergonic reaction.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
substrate level
1
The major source of ATP in cells de-
pends on the proton pump.  The mechan-
ism of generating the ATP is called
_____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
chemiosmosis
1
Cellular _____ is the oxidation of
food substances to obtain energy.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
respiration
1
The first stage of cellular respir-
ation, and the oldest in terms of
evolution, is _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
glycolysis
1
When a molecule of glucose passes
through glycolysis, the end result is
two molecules of _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
pyruvate
1
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate
from glycolysis is passed for further
processing to the biochemical pathway
known as the _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
citric acid cycle
1
A _____ process is one in which com-
plex molecules are broken down into
simpler ones.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
catabolic
1
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate
from glycolysis is further processed
in a resaction sequence known as ____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
fermentation
1
When yeast cells process pyruvate in
the absence of oxygen, the resulting
product is _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
ethanol
1
Pyruvate _____ is an enzyme complex
the removes CO2 from pyruvate and
catalyzes other reactions to yield
acetyl-CoA.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
dehydrogenase
1
A coenzyme containing riboflavin as
part of its structure is involved in
the citric acid cycle.  This coenzyme
performs somewhat the same action as
NAD+ and is called_____.
end
Capitalize your answer
end
0
FAD
1
Electrons are passed to O2 through the
_____ chain.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
electron transport
1
The proteins involved in passing
electrons to O2 are known as _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
cytochromes
1
In eukaryotes, the structure in which
oxidative metabolism takes place is
the _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
mitochondria
1
Light is one form of a much broader
_____ spectrum of radiant energy.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
electromagnetic
1
Based on its electronic structure, a
molecule has a range of photon
energies, known as its _____ spect-
rum, that it is capable of absorbing
or interacting with.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
absorption
1
The visible light region is defined
by the response of the human eye,
which in turn is limited by the ab-
sorbing pigment, _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
retinal
1
A _____ is a molecule that absorbs
light.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
pigment
1
Photosynthesis can be divided into
two main phases, the first of which
is a series of reactions that re-
quires the absorption of photons and
is called the _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
light reaction
1
In plants and algae, all photo-
synthesis is carried out by cell
structures called _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
chloroplasts
1
In addition to ATP, photosynthesis
uses the energy of light to produce
NADPH, which provides _____ power.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
reducing
1
The enzymatic dark reactions of photo-
synthesis carry out the sequence of
changes in organic molecules known as
_____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
carbon fixation
1
In almost all photosynthetic organ-
isms, a battery of pigment molecules
structurally arranged in a _____ co-
operate in absorbing light energy.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
photocenter
1
The evolutionarily oldest collection
of pigments and reactive molecules,
known as _____, contributes to photo-
synthesis even in most photosynthetic
bacteric.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
photosystem I
1
Instead of the electron carrying co-
enzyme used in cellular respiration,
photosynthesis and other synthetic
reactions employ another coenzyme,
_____.
end
Use capital letters
end
0
NADP+, NADPH
1
In green plant photosynthesis, elect-
rons to keep the photosystems running
come from _____.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
water
1
In the dark reactions of photo-
synthesis, CO2 is added to a five-
carbon sugar phosphate known as _____.
end
Capitalize  your answer
end
0
RuBP
1
The _____ of the chloroplast is the
site of the dark reactions of photo-
synthesis.
end
Do not capitalize your answer
end
0
stroma
1
The _____ plants utilize a specialized
carbon fixation enzyme and a unique
cell structure to reduce the problems
of photorespiration.
end
Capitalize your answer
end
0
C4